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Chemistry Basics
Foundational chemistry — periodic table, bonding, reactions, and essential equations.
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What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
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Ionic: transfer of electrons between atoms (metal + nonmetal). Covalent: sharing of electrons between atoms (nonmetal + nonmetal).
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What is the pH scale?
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Measures acidity/basicity from 0–14. pH 7 is neutral. Below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic/alkaline. Each unit is a 10x change in H+ concentration.
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What is Avogadro's number?
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6.022 × 10²³ — the number of atoms/molecules in one mole of a substance. Connects atomic mass units to grams.
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What are the states of matter and what determines them?
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Solid (fixed shape/volume), liquid (fixed volume, variable shape), gas (variable both). Determined by kinetic energy of particles vs. intermolecular forces.
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What is an exothermic vs endothermic reaction?
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Exothermic releases heat to surroundings (combustion, ΔH < 0). Endothermic absorbs heat (photosynthesis, ΔH > 0).
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What is an electron configuration?
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The arrangement of electrons in atomic orbitals. Follows: Aufbau principle (fill lowest energy first), Pauli exclusion (2e- per orbital), Hund's rule (maximize unpaired).
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What is a catalyst?
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A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed. Lowers activation energy. Enzymes are biological catalysts.
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What is the ideal gas law?
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PV = nRT. P = pressure, V = volume, n = moles, R = gas constant (8.314 J/mol·K), T = temperature in Kelvin.
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