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Human Biology Fundamentals
Core biology concepts — cells, DNA, organ systems, and how the human body works.
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What is the function of mitochondria?
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Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell — they generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the cell's main energy currency, through cellular respiration.
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What is DNA and what does it do?
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Deoxyribonucleic acid — a double-helix molecule that stores genetic instructions for building proteins and regulating biological processes.
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What are the four chambers of the human heart?
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Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. Blood flows: body → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → body.
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What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
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Mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells (growth/repair). Meiosis produces 4 genetically unique cells with half the chromosomes (sex cells).
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What is the function of the kidneys?
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Filter blood to remove waste products (as urine), regulate fluid balance, maintain electrolyte levels, and control blood pressure.
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What are red blood cells and what do they do?
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Erythrocytes — biconcave disc-shaped cells containing hemoglobin that transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and CO2 back to lungs.
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What is the nervous system composed of?
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Central nervous system (brain + spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves throughout the body). Neurons transmit electrical signals.
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What is homeostasis?
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The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions (temperature, pH, glucose levels) despite changing external conditions. Regulated by feedback loops.
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