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Machine Learning Concepts
Key ML concepts — supervised vs unsupervised learning, neural networks, overfitting, and evaluation metrics.
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What is the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?
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Supervised: learns from labeled data (classification, regression). Unsupervised: finds patterns in unlabeled data (clustering, dimensionality reduction).
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What is overfitting?
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When a model learns noise in training data instead of the underlying pattern. Performs well on training data but poorly on new data. Fix: regularization, more data, simpler model.
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What is gradient descent?
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An optimization algorithm that minimizes a loss function by iteratively adjusting parameters in the direction of steepest descent. Learning rate controls step size.
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What is a neural network?
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Layers of interconnected nodes (neurons). Input layer, hidden layers, output layer. Each connection has a weight. Learns by adjusting weights via backpropagation.
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What is the bias-variance tradeoff?
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High bias = underfitting (too simple). High variance = overfitting (too complex). Goal: find the sweet spot that minimizes total error.
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What is precision vs recall?
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Precision: of predicted positives, how many are correct (TP/TP+FP). Recall: of actual positives, how many were found (TP/TP+FN). F1 score balances both.
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What is cross-validation?
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A technique to evaluate model performance by splitting data into K folds. Train on K-1 folds, test on remaining. Repeat K times. Reduces evaluation variance.
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