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Psychology 101
Core psychology concepts — cognitive biases, memory, motivation, and key experiments every student should know.
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What is confirmation bias?
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The tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information that confirms pre-existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.
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What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?
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A cognitive bias where people with low ability overestimate their competence, while experts tend to underestimate theirs.
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What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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A motivational theory with 5 levels: physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization. Lower needs must be met before higher ones.
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What is classical conditioning?
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Learning by association (Pavlov). A neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus eventually produces a conditioned response. Dog + bell + food → bell alone causes salivation.
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What is the bystander effect?
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People are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present. Diffusion of responsibility increases with group size.
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What is cognitive dissonance?
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Mental discomfort from holding contradictory beliefs or acting against one's beliefs. People reduce it by changing beliefs, adding new ones, or minimizing importance.
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What are the stages of grief (Kübler-Ross)?
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Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance. Not necessarily linear — people may move between stages or experience them differently.
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What is the difference between short-term and long-term memory?
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Short-term (working) memory holds ~7 items for seconds. Long-term memory stores unlimited information permanently. Transfer happens through rehearsal and encoding.
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