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Python Essentials
Core Python concepts every developer should know — data types, control flow, functions, and common patterns.
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What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?
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Lists are mutable (can be changed), tuples are immutable (cannot be changed after creation). Tuples use () and lists use [].
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What does the "self" parameter refer to in Python class methods?
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It refers to the current instance of the class. It allows access to instance attributes and other methods.
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What is a list comprehension?
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A concise way to create lists: [expression for item in iterable if condition]. Example: [x**2 for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]
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What is the difference between == and "is" in Python?
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== checks value equality, "is" checks identity (same object in memory). Use "is" for None comparisons.
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What are *args and **kwargs?
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*args collects positional arguments into a tuple. **kwargs collects keyword arguments into a dictionary. Used for flexible function parameters.
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What is a decorator in Python?
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A function that wraps another function to extend its behavior. Defined with @decorator_name above a function definition.
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What is the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)?
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A mutex in CPython that allows only one thread to execute Python bytecode at a time. It limits true parallelism for CPU-bound tasks.
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What is a generator in Python?
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A function that uses "yield" instead of "return". It produces values lazily, one at a time, saving memory for large sequences.
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