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React & Next.js
Modern React patterns, hooks, server components, and Next.js concepts for full-stack development.
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What is the difference between Server and Client Components in Next.js?
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Server Components render on the server (no JS bundle, direct DB access). Client Components run in the browser ("use client" directive, can use hooks/events).
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What is useEffect and when should you use it?
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A hook for side effects (API calls, subscriptions, DOM manipulation). Runs after render. Dependency array controls when it re-runs. Empty [] = once on mount.
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What is the difference between useMemo and useCallback?
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useMemo memoizes a computed value. useCallback memoizes a function reference. Both prevent unnecessary re-renders by keeping references stable.
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What is React Context and when to use it?
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A way to share state across components without prop drilling. Best for infrequent updates (theme, auth). For frequent updates, consider state management libraries.
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What is the App Router in Next.js?
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File-system based routing using the app/ directory. Supports nested layouts, server components by default, loading/error states, and parallel routes.
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What is Suspense in React?
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A component that shows a fallback while its children are loading (data fetching, lazy loading). Enables streaming SSR and concurrent features.
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What is the virtual DOM?
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A lightweight in-memory representation of the real DOM. React diffs the virtual DOM to determine the minimal set of changes needed, then batches real DOM updates.
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What are React Server Actions?
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Async functions that run on the server, callable directly from client components. Replace API routes for mutations. Defined with "use server" directive.
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