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World History Turning Points
Major events that shaped the modern world — from ancient civilizations to the 20th century.
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What was the significance of the printing press (1440)?
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Gutenberg's movable type made books affordable, democratized knowledge, fueled the Reformation, and accelerated the Scientific Revolution.
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What caused the French Revolution (1789)?
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Financial crisis, Enlightenment ideas, inequality between estates, bread shortages, and weak leadership of Louis XVI. Led to the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
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What was the Industrial Revolution?
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Transition from agrarian to industrial economy (1760s–1840s). Started in Britain with textile mills, steam engines, and factory systems. Transformed global society.
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What triggered World War I?
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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914), combined with alliance systems, militarism, imperialism, and nationalism (M.A.I.N. causes).
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What was the Cold War?
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Geopolitical rivalry (1947–1991) between the US and Soviet Union. No direct military conflict but proxy wars, arms race, space race, and ideological competition.
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What was the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)?
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Symbol of the end of the Cold War. East and West Germany reunified in 1990. Led to collapse of communist regimes across Eastern Europe.
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What was the Renaissance?
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Cultural rebirth in Europe (14th–17th century) emphasizing humanism, art, science, and classical learning. Started in Italian city-states like Florence.
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What was the significance of the moon landing (1969)?
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Apollo 11 — Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first humans on the Moon. Demonstrated US technological supremacy and inspired a generation.
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